A Complete Grammar of Esperanto · Chapter 17Part 17
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interjection
), nu (
273
), bon-e;
— informed
, kler-a;
— nigh
(
adv.
), preskaŭ.
west
, okcident-o.
wet
, malsekig-i, tremp-i.
whale
, balen-o.
what
(
pronoun
), kio (
233, 234
); (
pronominal adj.
), kiu (106, 146);
— kind
,
— way
,
— time
,
etc.
,
see table
, 235.
wheat
, tritik-o.
wheel
, rad-o.
when
(
adv.
), kiam (
125, 155
); (
while
), dum (
96
).
where
(
adv.
), kie (
118, 151
);
—fore
, kial (
129
), tial (
78
).
whether
(
conj.
), ĉu (30, 66, a).
which
(
pronoun
), kio (
233, 234
); (
pronoun and adj.
), kiu (106, 146);
— way
,
— kind
,
etc
.
see table
, 235.
while
(
prep.
), dum (
120, 159
); (
conj.
), dum (
96
); (concessive), kvankam; a —, iom da tempo.
whip
, vip-i.
whistle
, fajf-i; (
hiss
), sibl-i.
white
, blank-a; whitish, dubeblank-a.
who
(
pronoun
), kiu (
106, 143
); whose, kies (
107, 147
).
whole
(
entire
), tut-a.
why
(
adv.
), kial (
129
), pro kio.
wicket
, giĉet-o.
wide
, larĝ-a;
make —
, plilarĝig-i, etend-i.
widow
, vidvin-o; widower, vidv-o.
wig
, peruk-o.
wild
, sovaĝ-a.
(be) willing
, vol-i.
willingly
, volont-e.
wilt
, velk-i.
wind
, vent-o, survolv-i; (
twist
), tord-i; (
a watch
), streĉ-i.
winding
, tord-a.
window
, fenestr-o;
ticket —
, giĉet-o.
wine
, vin-o.
winter
, vintr-o.
wipe
, viŝ-i.
wise
, saĝ-a.
wish
, vol-i, dezir-i.
witch
, sorĉistin-o;
—craft
, sorĉ-o.
with
(
prep.
), kun (
70, 76, 120, 159, 160
); (
by means of
), per (
64
); (
agent of the passive
), de (
169
); je (
260
);
— regard to
, rilate (
266
);
—draw
, elir-i, forir-i;
(= having)
, havante (
222
).
wither
, velk-i.
without
(
prep.
), sen (
248
).
(give) witness
, atest-i.
witty
, sprit-a.
woe
, malĝoj-o; (
interjection
), ve (
273
).
wolf
, lup-o.
wonder
, mir-i.
woo
, amindum-i.
wood
, lign-o.
wool
, lan-o.
word
, vort-o; (
spoken
), parol-o.
work
, labor-i; (
of machinery
), funkci-i; (
literary composition
), verk-o.
world
, mond-o.
worm
, verm-o.
worship
, ador-i; (
divine service
), Diserv-o.
(be) worth
, valor-i.
worthy
, ind-a (
154
).
wound
, vund-i.
wreath
, girland-o.
wrestle
, barakt-i.
wretch
, fripon-o, kanajl-o;
—ed
, mizer-a, aĉ-a (
272
).
wrinkle
, sulket-o, faldet-o.
write
, skrib-i; (
books, articles, music
), verk-i.
wrong
, malprav-a, erar-a, maljust-a.
Y.
yawn
, osced-i; (
open
), fendiĝ-i.
year
, jar-o.
yearn
, sopir-i; dezireg-i.
yellow
, flav-a;
—ish
, dubeflav-a.
yes
(
adv.
), jes (
171
).
yesterday
(
adv.
), hieraŭ (
93, 171
);
day before —
, antaŭ-hieraŭ.
yet
(
adv.
), ankoraŭ; jam; (
conj.
), tamen.
yoke
, jug-o.
you
(
pronoun
), vi (
32, 37, 39
);
see also
oni (
54
).
young
, jun-a; (
offspring
), id-o (
207
).
Z.
zeal
, fervor-o.
zenith
, zenit-o.
zero
, nul-o.
zigzag
, zigzag-o.
zinc
, zink-o.
zone
, zon-o.
zoology
, zoologi-o.
INDEX.
The references are to sections, unless the page (p.) is given. The following abbreviations are used: ace. = accusative; adj. = adjective; adv. = adverb; expr. = expressed; ftn. = footnote; inf. = infinitive; intrans. = intransitive; prep. = preposition; trans. = transitive. For Esperanto words whose use or meaning is specially explained, references are given in the Vocabulary.
A.
Abbreviations
, 286; of ordinals, p. 107, ftn.
Abstract nouns
, 202.
Accent
, 8; of elided word, 280, b.
Accompaniment
, 70; distinguished from instrumentality and opposition, p. 49, ftn.
Accordance
, expr. by
laŭ
, 191.
Active voice
, participles of, 108, 119, 152; tenses of, see Tenses; synopsis of, 267.
Accusative
, ending, 23; of adj., 24; of pronoun, 37; of adv., 69, 121; of direction, 46, 108; of measure, 139; of time, 91; distinguished from temporal adv., 94; with temporal adv., 93; when avoided, 92; after adv., 266; with intrans. verb, 264; with nouns expressing motion, 263; in composition, p. 132, ftn.; instead of prepositional phrase, 265, 266; not used after prep., 36, (
al, ĝis, tra
) 46, (
preter
) p. 139, ftn.; not used with article, 25; not used with predicates, 25, 210; "cognate," see acc. with intrans. verbs, 264, a.
Adjectives
, defined, 12; ending of, 12; formation of, 116, (from adv.) 171, (from prep.) 159; attributive, 13; acc. of, 24; plural of, 17; agreement, (with nouns) 17, 21, 24, (with pronouns) 33, (with words connected by
nek
) 31; comparison of, 74; possessive, 43, (pronominal use of) 45; predicate, 19, (after trans, verbs) 210; use of, distinguished from adv. with
da
, 103; demonstrative, 65; distributive, 177; indefinite, 208; interrogative, 112; negative, 224; reflexive possessive, 44; relative, 150; causative verbs from roots of, 214, a; intrans. verbs from roots of, 232, c; cardinal, 136; ordinal, 149.
Adverbs
, defined, 66; primary, 66; derived, 79; (from prep.) 120; demonstrative, (
tie
) 68, (
tiam
) 73, (
tial
) 78, (
tiel
) 88, (
tiom
) 104; interrogative, (
kie
) 118, (
kiam
) 123, (
kial
) 129, (
kiel
) 134, (
kiom
) 140, (
ĉu
) 30, p. 38, ftn.; relative, (
kie
) 151, (
kiam
) 155, (
kiel
) 156, p. 170, ftn., (
kiom
) 164; distributive, (
ĉie
) 182, (
ĉiam
) iS7, (
ĉial
) 188, (
ĉiel
) 193, (
ĉiom
) 194; indefinite, (
ie
) 209, (
iam
) 212, (
ial
) 213, (
iel
) 216, (
iom
) 217; negative, (
nenie
) 225, (
neniam
) 226, (
nenial
) 229, (
neniel
) 230, (
neniom
) 231, (
ne
) 27, 66, a; generalizing, (
ajn
) 236; numeral, 158; position of, 66, a; expressing direction of motion, 69, 121; with expressions of time, 93; distinguishing from acc. of time, 94; with acc., 266; with prep., 87; calling attention, (
jen
) 228; causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; as interjections, p. 216, ftn.; derivation of words from primary, 171.
Adverbial clauses
, p. 168, ftn.; participle, 222, (translating "without") p. 193, ftn.
Adversative conjunctions
, p. 32, ftn.
Advice
, expression of, 257, 259.
Affectionate diminutives
, 283 (also 198, and ftn., p. 221).
Affirmation
, 66.
Affixes
, see Prefixes, Suffixes.
Agency
, expr. by
de
, 169.
Agreement
, of attributive adj., 17, (with acc.) 24; of predicate noun and adj., 21; of adj. with two or more nouns, 17; of adj. with words connected by
nek
, 31; of adj. with pronouns, 33; of participle, 108; of nouns in apposition, 48.
Alphabet
, I.
Anticipation
, expr. by clause, 97; by inf. with prep., 98.
Aoristic tenses
, explained, p. 78, ftn.; conjugation of, (present) 14, (past) 35, (future) 55, (conditional) 241, (imperative), 254.
Apposition
, 48.
Argumentative conjunction
, p. 32, ftn.
Article
, definite, 11; invariable, 18, 25; for possessive adj., 47; with possessive adj., 45; generic, 201, 218, b, elision of, 280, a; no indefinite, II.
Assumption
, defined, 240; implied, 244.
Augmentatives
, 122.
Auxiliary verbs
, 109.
C.
Cardinal numerals
, 136; formation of, 142.
Case
, see Accusative, Dative, Nominative, Possessive.
Causative verbs
, 214.
Cause
, expr. by clause, 83; by
pro
, 86; by
ke
, p. 222, ftn.
Characteristic
, expr. by
kun
, 76; by adverbial participle, 222. Clauses, defined, p. 34, ftn.; adverbial, p. 168, ftn.; causal, 83; of anticipation, 97; of duration of time, 96; of imaginative comparison, 250; of purpose, 262; of result, 105; subordinate imperative, 259.
"Cognate acc.
," see acc. with intrans. verbs, 264.
Collective nouns
, 126.
Collective sense given by use of da
, 103.
Commands
, expression of, 256; in subordinate clause, 259.
Complement of prep.
, 36.
Complementary inf.
, 29.
Comparison
, of adj., 74; of adv., 79; of words expressing quantity, 81; containing
ol
, 82;
ju
and
des
in, 84.
Composition
, see Compounds.
Compound tenses
, explained, 109; of impersonal verbs, 179; conjugation of, see Tenses.
Compounds
, dependent, 176; descriptive, 167; possessive, 184.
Conclusion (of conditions) defined
, 240; (of letters), see Correspondence.
Concrete nouns
, formation of, 227.
Conditional mood
, 241; compound tenses of, 242; in contrary to fact conditions, 246; in less vivid conditions, 243; independent use of, 244; of
devi
, 247; conditional sentences, see Conditions. Conditions, defined, 240; contrary to fact, 246; factual, 240; less vivid, 243; vivid, p. 189, ftn.; summary of, 249.
Conjugation
, 34; synopsis of, 267; of tenses, see Tenses.
Conjunctions
, defined, 52; coordinating, 52; subordinating, 53, (not omitted) p. 34, ftn.;
aŭ
, p. 32, ftn.;
kaj
, 26, p. 32, ftn.;
ke
, (in indirect statements), 53, (in causal clauses) 83, p. 222, ftn.; (in result clause) 105, (in purpose clause) 262, (in subordinate imperative clause) 259;
kvazaŭ
, 250;
nek
, 31, p. 32, ftn.;
se
, 240;
sed
, p. 32, ftn.;
tamen
, p. 32, ftn.;
do
, p. 32, ftn.; see p. 110, ftn.
Connection
, expr. by
de
, 49; indefinite, expr. by
je
, 260.
Consent
, expression of, 257, (in subordinate clauses) 259.
Consonants
, combinations of, 6; pronunciation of, 3, names of, 4.
Contrary to fact conditions
, 246.
Coordinating conjunctions
, 52.
Copulative conjunctions
, p. 32, ftn.
Correlative words
, 235.
Correspondence
, 278.
D.
Dates
, expr. by acc., 91; expr. by
antaŭ
, 90; expr. by prep., 89; on letters, see Correspondence, 278.
"Dative
," ethical, of reference, of separation, p. 197, ftn.
Definite quantity
, nouns of, followed by
de
, 100.
Degree
, advs. of, 66, (
tiel
) 88, (
kiel
) 134, 156; highest possible, 162; see also Comparison.
Deliberation
, expression of, 257, (in subordinative clause) 259.
Demonstrative
, pronoun, (
tiu
) 56, (
ĉi tiu
) 60, (
tio, ĉi tio
) 233; adjective, 65; adv., see Adverbs.
Dependent compounds
, 176.
Derivation
, of adv., 79, (from prep.) 120; of words from prep., 159; of words from primary adv., 171.
Descriptive compounds
, 167.
Diminutives
, 198; affectionate, 283.
Diphthongs
, 5.
Direct object
, defined, 23; inf. as, see Complementary inf., 29; clause as, 53, 259; of complementary inf., 29; of participle, 108; of prep., see Complement, 36.
Direction
, expr. by acc. (of noun) 46, 263, (of adv.) 121.
Disjunctive conjunctions
, p. 32, ftn.
Distributive
, prep., see
po
, 175; pronoun, (
ĉiu
) 173, (
ĉio
) 233; adj., 177; adv., see Adverbs.
Double letters
, 6, e.
E.
Elision
, 280.
Emphasis
, by
eĉ
, 66; by
ja
, 215.
Emphatic negation
, 27.
Ending
, of acc., 23; of adj., 12; of adv., 79; of noun, 10; of plural, 16; of inf., 28; of indicative, 14, 35, 55; of conditional, 241, of imperative, 254; of participle, see Participles.
"Ethical dative
," p. 197, ftn.
Exclamations
, 115; use of
je
in, 260.
Exhortation
, 255.
Expedience
, expressions of, 259.
F.
Factual conditions
, 240.
Feminine nouns
, formation of, 59.
Formation
, of words, 116; of opposites, 67, of feminines, 59; with
-ig-
and
-iĝ-
, 239; from primary words, 159, 171.
Fractions
, 166.
Frequentative verbs
, 218, a.
Future participle
, (active) 152, (passive) 199.
Future tense
, 55, (progressive) 114, (passive) 183, periphrastic, 153, 200.
Future perfect tense
, 148, (passive) 196.
G.
Generic article
, 201. 218, b.
Generalizing adv. ajn
, 236.
H.
Highest degree possible
, 162.
I.
Imaginative comparison
, 250.
Imperative mood
, 254; in commands and prohibitions, 256; in resolve and exhortation, 255, in subordinate clauses, 259;. less peremptory uses of, 257; to express purpose, 262.
Imperfect tense
, 113, (passive) 178.
Impersonal verbs
, 50, compound tenses of, 179; modifiers of, 141.
Impersonally used verbs
, explained, 141; modifiers of, 141.
Inchoative verbs
, 232, a.
Indefinite connection
, expr. by
je
, 260.
Indefinite
, pronoun, (
iu
) 203, (
io
) 233; (personal) 54; adj., 208; advs., see Adverbs; prep., 260; suffix, 268; quantity, expressions of, with
da
, 99, 101.
Independent use of conditional mood
, 244.
Indicative mood
, defined, 241; tenses of, see Synopsis, 267.
"Indirect object
," see
al
.
Indirect quotation
, tenses in, 58; statements in, 53; questions in, p. 38, ftn.; p. 170, ftn.
Infinitive
, defined, 28, 241; ending of, 28; complementary, 29; as subject, 29; modifiers of, 130; synopsis of, 267; with prep., 98; replaced by noun, 218, b.
Instruction
, (orders), requests for, 257, 259.
Instrumentality
, expr. by
per
, 64; distinguished from accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
Instruments
, formation of names of, 63.
Intensive pronoun
,
mem
, 219.
Intention
, expr. by clause, 259.
Interjections
, 273.
International money system
, 285; weights and measures, 284.
Interrogation
, 30, 66, a.
Interrogative
, pronoun, (
kiu
) 106, (kio) 233; adj., 112; advs., see Adverbs.
Intransitive verbs
, defined, 22; no passive, p. 122, ftn.; from adj. roots, 232, c; from noun roots, advs., preps., suffixes, prefixes, 232, d; from trans, verb roots, 232, b, (table of), 279.
Introductory particle
, not needed, 50, 51.
Invariability
, of article, 18; of
mem
, 219; of verb, 18; of cardinals, 136.
Inversion
, not needed in questions, 30.
L.
Less peremptory uses of imperative
, 257.
Less vivid conditions
, 243.
Letters
, names of, 4; double, pronunciation of, 6, e; see also Correspondence, 278.
Limitation of third personal pronoun
, 42.
M.
Manner
, expr. by
kun
, 76; expr. by.
per
, p. 53, ftn.; by adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see Adverbs.
Material
, expression of, 197.
Means
, expression of, 64.
Measure
, ace. of, 139; expr. by
je
, 260.
Measures
, weights and, 284.
Metric system
, 284.
Modifiers of impersonally used verbs
, 141.
Money system
, The international, 285.
Mood
, defined, 241; inf., see Infinitive; conditional, 241; imperative, 254; indicative, see 267; in conditions, see Conditions.
Moral obligation
, 247.
Motive or reason
, advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by clause, 83; expr. by prep., 86.
N.
Names
, of letters, 4; orthography of proper, 128.
Necessity
, expression of, 259.
Negative
, pronoun, (
neniu
) 220; (
nenio
) 233; adj., 224; advs., see Adverbs; conjunction, 31.
"Nominative absolute
," how rendered, p. 169, ftn.
Nominative case
, ending of, (for nouns) 10, (for adj.) 12; of predicate noun and adj., 25, 210; with prep., 36, (
al
,
ĝis
,
tra
) 46.
Noun
, defined, 10, ending of, 10, plural of, 16; acc. of, 23; elision of, 280, b; feminine, 59; numeral, 157; participial, 205; predicate, 20, 211; possessive case of, 49; expressing motion, followed by acc., 263; expressing quantity, followed by
da
, 99, by
de
, 100; replacing inf., 218, b; replacing participial phrase, p. 193, ftn.; from adv., 171; from prep., 159.
Noun roots
, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d.
Number
, see Plural.
Numeral nouns
, 157; advs., 158.
Numerals
, cardinal, 136; formation of, 142; fractional, 166; ordinal, 149; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.; followed by
el
, 138.
O.
Object
, see Direct object, Indirect object, Complement.
Obligation
, 247, (moral) 247.
Opposites
, formation of, 67; of
pli
and
plej
, 80.
Opposition
, distinguished from accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
Order
, of word endings, p. 10, ftn.; see also Position.
Ordinal numerals
, 149; advs., 158; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.
Orthography
, of proper nouns, 128.
P.
Part of the whole
, expression of, (after noun) 99, (after adv.) 101.
Participial nouns
, 205; advs., 222.
Participle
, defined, 108; agreement of, 108; adverbial, 222, (translating "without") p. 193, ftn.; present, 108, (passive) 165; past, 119, (passive) 189; future, 152, (passive) 199.
Particle
, introductory, not needed, 50, 51.
Partitive construction
, p. 74, ftn.
Passive voice
, agent of, 169; participles of, see Participles; tenses of, see Tenses; of
-ig-
formations, 239; distinguished from
-iĝ-
formations, 232, b.
Past tense
, 35, (passive) see Imperfect; past participle, see Participles.
Past periphrastic future
, 153, (passive) 200.
Past inception
, present action with, 131.
Peremptory commands and prohibitions
, 256, 259.
Perfect tense
, 124, (passive) 190; perfect participle, see Past participle.
Periphrastic futures
, 153, (passive) 200.
Permission
, expression of, 269.
Perplexity
, expression of, 257, 259.
Personal pronouns
, 32; acc. of, 37; indefinite, 54; reflexive, 39, 40; limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic, 274.
Place
, expr. by
ĉe
, 125; advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by
-ej-
, III; 128.
Pluperfect tense
, 135, (passive), 195.
Plural
, of nouns, 16; of pronouns, 56, 106, 203, 173, 220; of adj., 16; of
unu
, 137; none of article, 18; none of pronouns ending in
-o
, 233.
Position
, of attributive adj., 13; of adv., 66, a; of emphatic negative, 27; of unemphatic pronoun, 274; of interrogative adv., 30.
Possession
, expr. by
de
, 49.
Possessive
, adjective, 43; reflexive, 44; article for, 47; ftn., p. 221.
Possessive case of nouns
, 49; of pronouns, (
ties
) 62, (
kies
) 107, 147, (
ĉies
) 174, (
ies
) 204, (
nenies
) 221; see also Possessive adjective, 43.
Possessive compounds
, 184.
"Possessive pronouns
," p. 24, ftn.
Possibility
, expression of, 270.
Predicate
, adj., 19, agreement of, 21; after trans, verbs, 210; noun, 20; agreement of, 21; after trans. verb, 211; clause as, 259.
Prefixes
, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; prep. as, 160, 248; adverb as, 71, 167, a, interjection as, p. 216, ftn.;
bo-
, 277;
dis-
, 245;
duon-
, 277;
ek-
, 206;
eks-
, 281;
ge-
, 271;
mal-
, 67;
pra-
, 282;
re-
, 223.
Prepositions
, defined, 36; with inf., 98; with adv., 87; with other preps., 87; case use with, 36, 46; expressing time relations, 89; as prefixes, 160; word derivation from, 159; advs. from, 120; causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; making intrans. verbs trans., 264, b, c; see also references in Vocabulary.
Prepositional phrase
, acc. instead of, 265, 266.
Present action with past inception
, 131.
Present periphrastic future
, 153, (passive) 200.
Present participle
, 108, (passive) 165.
Present tense
, 14, (progressive) 110, (passive) 168.
Primary adverbs
, defined, 66; derivation of words from, 171.
Probability
, expression of, 270.
Progressive tenses
, present, 110, future, 114; passive, 200.
Prohibition
, expression of, 256, 259.
Pronominal adjective
, possessive adj. as, 45; pronoun as, (
tiu
) 57, 60, (
kiu
) 106, 146, (
ĉiu
) 173, (
iu
) 203, (
neniu
) 220, (
ambaŭ
) 238.
Pronouns
, defined, 32; agreement with, 33; personal, 32; indefinite personal, 54; reflexive, 38, 39, 40, (in composition) p. 132, ftn.; possessive, p. 24, ftn.; possessive form of, see Possessive case; limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic, 274; correlation of predicative or relative, 234; followed by
el
, 173, p. 115, ftn.; series in
-o
, 233; demonstrative, 56, 60, 233; distributive, 173, 233; indefinite, 203, 233; interrogative, 106, 233; negative, 220, 233; relative, 146; 233; summary, 235;
ambaŭ
, 238; intensive, 219.
Proper nouns
, orthography of, 128.
Protestations
, use of
je
in, 260.
Proximity
, expr. by
ĉi
, 60, 66, p. 229, ftn.
Purpose
, expr. by inf., 98; by imperative, 262; by prep., 95.
Q.
Quantity
, construction with nouns expressing, 99, 100; construction with advs. expressing, 101; advs. of, (
tiom
) 104, (
kiom
) 140, 164, (
ĉiom
) 194, (
iom
) 217, (
neniom
) 231; comparison of advs. expressing, 81.
Questions
, 30; indirect, p. 38, ftn., p. 170, ftn.; of deliberation, perplexity, or for instructions, 257, 259.
Quotations
, indirect, 53, 58.
R.
Reciprocal expressions
, 180.
Reference
, expr. by
al
, 251.
Reflexive pronouns
, of first and second persons, 39; of third person, 40; with substantival inf., 130.
Reflexive possessive adjective
, 44.
Reflexive verbs
, 41; distinguished from verbs in
-iĝ-
, 232, b.
Relative pronoun
, (
kiu
) 146, (
kio
) 233; not omitted, p. 106, ftn.
Relative adjective
, 150; relative adverb, see Adverbs.
Relative clause
, see 146, 233, (temporal) 155, (of manner) 156, (quantitative) 164.
Request
, expression of, 257, 259; for instructions, 257, 259.
Resolve
, expression of, 255.
Result
, clauses of, 105.
Root
, defined, p. 42, ftn.
Route
, expression of, 191.
S.
Salutations
, 115.
Separation
, expr. by
de
, 170; expr. by
al
, 252; by
for
, 71; by
dis-
, 245.
Situation
, expr. by
ĉe
, 125; by adverbial participle, 222.
Source
, expr. by
de
, 170.
Statements
, indirect, 53; tenses in, 58.
Subject
, defined, 15; preceded by verb, 51; inf. as, 130; clause as, 141, 259; of adverbial participle, 222.
Subordinate clause
, defined, 53; imperative in, 259, 262; conditional in, see Conditions, 243, 246.
Subordinating conjunctions
,
ke
, 53, 105, 259 (
tial ke
) 83, p. 222, ftn.; (
por ke
) 262; (not omitted) p. 34, ftn.;
se
, 240;
kvazaŭ
, 250;
ĉu
, p. 38, ftn.
Substantive
, defined, p. 71, ftn.; inf. as, 98, 130; clause as, 53, 259.
Substitution
, expr. by prep., p. 63, ftn.; expr. by prep. with inf., 98; of noun for inf., 218, b, p. 193, ftn.
Suffixes
, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d;
-ad-
, 218;
-aĉ-
, 272;
-aĵ-
, 227;
-an-
, 145;
-ar-
, 126;
-ĉj-
, 283;
-ebl-
, 161;
-ec-
, 202;
-eg-
, 122;
-ej-
, 111;
-em-
, 192;
-er-
, 276;
-estr-
, 253;
-et-
, 198;
-id-
207;
-ig-
, 214, 239, 275;
-iĝ-
, 232, 239, 279;
-il-
, 63;
-in-
, 59;
-ind-
, 154;
-ing-
, 237;
-ist-
, 172, p. 154, ftn.;
-nj-
, 283;
-obl-
, 186;
-on-
, 166;
-op-
, 261;
-uj-
, 181;
-ul-
, 132;
-um-
, 268.
Summary of conditions
, 249.
Superlatives
, (adj.) 74, (adv.) 79; followed by
el
, 75.
Syllables
, 7.
Synonyms
, apparent, (
diri: paroli: rakonti
) 77, (
koni: scii
) 117, (
tempo; fojo
) 127, (
loĝi: vivi
) 133, (
antikva: maljuna: malnova
) p. 128, ftn., 67, (
ĉiu: tuta
) p. 130, ftn., (
indiferenta: nezorga
) p. 162, ftn., (
provi: peni: juĝi
) p. 228, ftn., (
ĝuste: juste: ĵus
) p. 198, ftn., (
ankoraŭ: jam
) p. 124, ftn., p. 112, ftn., (
troviĝi: sin trovi: kuŝi: sidi)
p. 217, ftn.
Synopsis of the verb
, 267.
System
, correlative, 235; metric, 284; of money, 285.
T.
Temporal clauses
, 96, 155.
Temporal adverbs
, 66, (
tiam
) 73, (
kiam
) 123, 155, (
ĉiam
) 187, (
iam
) 212, (
neniam
) 226, (
jam
) p. 124, ftn. (
ankoraŭ
) p. 112, ftn., (
ĵus
) p. 116, ftn.
Tenses
, aoristic, p. 78, ftn.; compound, 109; (of impersonal verbs) 179; in indirect quotations, 58; in conditions, 249; of inf., 267; of conditional, 241, 242; of imperative, 254; present, 14, (progressive) 110, (passive) 168, past, 35, (passive) 178; future, 55, (progressive) 114; (passive) 183; imperfect, 113, (passive) 178; perfect, 124, (passive) 190; pluperfect, 135, (passive) 195; future perfect, 148, (passive) 190; periphrastic, 153, (passive) 200; synopsis of all, 267.
Terminations
, see Endings.
Terms of address
, 163; affectionate, 283, p. 221, ftn.
Time
, of day, 185; expr. by prep., 89; expr. by acc., 91; expr. by clause, 96, 155; expr. by adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see Temporal adverbs.
Titles
, 163; use of
moŝto
, 258.
Transitive verbs
, defined, 22; formed by
-ig-
, 214; from intrans. roots, 264, b, c; list of some, 275.
U.
Unemphatic words
, position of, (negative) 27, (pronoun) 274.
V.
Verbal nouns in -ad-
, 218, b, p. 193, ftn.
Verbal roots
, causative verbs from, 214, b.
Verbs
, mood of, 241; invariable, 18; causative, 214; frequentative, 218, a; inchoative, 232, a; impersonal, 50; reflexive, 41; trans., defined, 22; trans, from intrans. roots, 275; intrans., defined, 22; intrans. from trans. roots, 232, b, 279; from prep., 159; from adv., 171; conjugation of, 34, (synopsis) 267, preceding the subject, 51; as interjection, p. 216, ftn.; implied, (in comparisons) 82, 156, 250; (in salutations) 115, (in exclamations) 115, 228; with prepositional phrase containing
da
, 102.
Vivid conditions
, p. 189, ftn.
Vowels
, pronunciation of, 2.
W.
Way
, expression of, (manner) 76, (route) 191.
Weights and measures
, 284.
Wish
, expression of, 257, 259.
Words
, correlative, 235; formation of, 116; from prepositions, 159; from primary advs., 171; composition of, see Compounds; order of, in question, 30; see also Position.